.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
=======================================
reStructuredText Markup Specification
=======================================
:Author: David Goodger
:Contact: docutils-develop@lists.sourceforge.net
:Revision: $Revision: 7907 $
:Date: $Date: 2015-08-18 11:33:55 +0000 (Tue, 18 Aug 2015) $
:Copyright: This document has been placed in the public domain.
.. Note::
This document is a detailed technical specification; it is not a
tutorial or a primer. If this is your first exposure to
reStructuredText, please read `A ReStructuredText Primer`_ and the
`Quick reStructuredText`_ user reference first.
.. _A ReStructuredText Primer: ../../user/rst/quickstart.html
.. _Quick reStructuredText: ../../user/rst/quickref.html
reStructuredText_ is plaintext that uses simple and intuitive
constructs to indicate the structure of a document. These constructs
are equally easy to read in raw and processed forms. This document is
itself an example of reStructuredText (raw, if you are reading the
text file, or processed, if you are reading an HTML document, for
example). The reStructuredText parser is a component of Docutils_.
Simple, implicit markup is used to indicate special constructs, such
as section headings, bullet lists, and emphasis. The markup used is
as minimal and unobtrusive as possible. Less often-used constructs
and extensions to the basic reStructuredText syntax may have more
elaborate or explicit markup.
reStructuredText is applicable to documents of any length, from the
very small (such as inline program documentation fragments, e.g.
Python docstrings) to the quite large (this document).
The first section gives a quick overview of the syntax of the
reStructuredText markup by example. A complete specification is given
in the `Syntax Details`_ section.
`Literal blocks`_ (in which no markup processing is done) are used for
examples throughout this document, to illustrate the plaintext markup.
.. contents::
-----------------------
Quick Syntax Overview
-----------------------
A reStructuredText document is made up of body or block-level
elements, and may be structured into sections. Sections_ are
indicated through title style (underlines & optional overlines).
Sections contain body elements and/or subsections. Some body elements
contain further elements, such as lists containing list items, which
in turn may contain paragraphs and other body elements. Others, such
as paragraphs, contain text and `inline markup`_ elements.
Here are examples of `body elements`_:
- Paragraphs_ (and `inline markup`_)::
Paragraphs contain text and may contain inline markup:
*emphasis*, **strong emphasis**, `interpreted text`, ``inline
literals``, standalone hyperlinks (http://www.python.org),
external hyperlinks (Python_), internal cross-references
(example_), footnote references ([1]_), citation references
([CIT2002]_), substitution references (|example|), and _`inline
internal targets`.
Paragraphs are separated by blank lines and are left-aligned.
- Five types of lists:
1. `Bullet lists`_::
- This is a bullet list.
- Bullets can be "*", "+", or "-".
2. `Enumerated lists`_::
1. This is an enumerated list.
2. Enumerators may be arabic numbers, letters, or roman
numerals.
3. `Definition lists`_::
what
Definition lists associate a term with a definition.
how
The term is a one-line phrase, and the definition is one
or more paragraphs or body elements, indented relative to
the term.
4. `Field lists`_::
:what: Field lists map field names to field bodies, like
database records. They are often part of an extension
syntax.
:how: The field marker is a colon, the field name, and a
colon.
The field body may contain one or more body elements,
indented relative to the field marker.
5. `Option lists`_, for listing command-line options::
-a command-line option "a"
-b file options can have arguments
and long descriptions
--long options can be long also
--input=file long options can also have
arguments
/V DOS/VMS-style options too
There must be at least two spaces between the option and the
description.
- `Literal blocks`_::
Literal blocks are either indented or line-prefix-quoted blocks,
and indicated with a double-colon ("::") at the end of the
preceding paragraph (right here -->)::
if literal_block:
text = 'is left as-is'
spaces_and_linebreaks = 'are preserved'
markup_processing = None
- `Block quotes`_::
Block quotes consist of indented body elements:
This theory, that is mine, is mine.
-- Anne Elk (Miss)
- `Doctest blocks`_::
>>> print 'Python-specific usage examples; begun with ">>>"'
Python-specific usage examples; begun with ">>>"
>>> print '(cut and pasted from interactive Python sessions)'
(cut and pasted from interactive Python sessions)
- Two syntaxes for tables_:
1. `Grid tables`_; complete, but complex and verbose::
+------------------------+------------+----------+
| Header row, column 1 | Header 2 | Header 3 |
+========================+============+==========+
| body row 1, column 1 | column 2 | column 3 |
+------------------------+------------+----------+
| body row 2 | Cells may span |
+------------------------+-----------------------+
2. `Simple tables`_; easy and compact, but limited::
==================== ========== ==========
Header row, column 1 Header 2 Header 3
==================== ========== ==========
body row 1, column 1 column 2 column 3
body row 2 Cells may span columns
==================== ======================
- `Explicit markup blocks`_ all begin with an explicit block marker,
two periods and a space:
- Footnotes_::
.. [1] A footnote contains body elements, consistently
indented by at least 3 spaces.
- Citations_::
.. [CIT2002] Just like a footnote, except the label is
textual.
- `Hyperlink targets`_::
.. _Python: http://www.python.org
.. _example:
The "_example" target above points to this paragraph.
- Directives_::
.. image:: mylogo.png
- `Substitution definitions`_::
.. |symbol here| image:: symbol.png
- Comments_::
.. Comments begin with two dots and a space. Anything may
follow, except for the syntax of footnotes/citations,
hyperlink targets, directives, or substitution definitions.
----------------
Syntax Details
----------------
Descriptions below list "doctree elements" (document tree element
names; XML DTD generic identifiers) corresponding to syntax
constructs. For details on the hierarchy of elements, please see `The
Docutils Document Tree`_ and the `Docutils Generic DTD`_ XML document
type definition.
Whitespace
==========
Spaces are recommended for indentation_, but tabs may also be used.
Tabs will be converted to spaces. Tab stops are at every 8th column.
Other whitespace characters (form feeds [chr(12)] and vertical tabs
[chr(11)]) are converted to single spaces before processing.
Blank Lines
-----------
Blank lines are used to separate paragraphs and other elements.
Multiple successive blank lines are equivalent to a single blank line,
except within literal blocks (where all whitespace is preserved).
Blank lines may be omitted when the markup makes element separation
unambiguous, in conjunction with indentation. The first line of a
document is treated as if it is preceded by a blank line, and the last
line of a document is treated as if it is followed by a blank line.
Indentation
-----------
Indentation is used to indicate -- and is only significant in
indicating -- block quotes, definitions (in definition list items),
and local nested content:
- list item content (multi-line contents of list items, and multiple
body elements within a list item, including nested lists),
- the content of literal blocks, and
- the content of explicit markup blocks.
Any text whose indentation is less than that of the current level
(i.e., unindented text or "dedents") ends the current level of
indentation.
Since all indentation is significant, the level of indentation must be
consistent. For example, indentation is the sole markup indicator for
`block quotes`_::
This is a top-level paragraph.
This paragraph belongs to a first-level block quote.
Paragraph 2 of the first-level block quote.
Multiple levels of indentation within a block quote will result in
more complex structures::
This is a top-level paragraph.
This paragraph belongs to a first-level block quote.
This paragraph belongs to a second-level block quote.
Another top-level paragraph.
This paragraph belongs to a second-level block quote.
This paragraph belongs to a first-level block quote. The
second-level block quote above is inside this first-level
block quote.
When a paragraph or other construct consists of more than one line of
text, the lines must be left-aligned::
This is a paragraph. The lines of
this paragraph are aligned at the left.
This paragraph has problems. The
lines are not left-aligned. In addition
to potential misinterpretation, warning
and/or error messages will be generated
by the parser.
Several constructs begin with a marker, and the body of the construct
must be indented relative to the marker. For constructs using simple
markers (`bullet lists`_, `enumerated lists`_, footnotes_, citations_,
`hyperlink targets`_, directives_, and comments_), the level of
indentation of the body is determined by the position of the first
line of text, which begins on the same line as the marker. For
example, bullet list bodies must be indented by at least two columns
relative to the left edge of the bullet::
- This is the first line of a bullet list
item's paragraph. All lines must align
relative to the first line. [1]_
This indented paragraph is interpreted
as a block quote.
Because it is not sufficiently indented,
this paragraph does not belong to the list
item.
.. [1] Here's a footnote. The second line is aligned
with the beginning of the footnote label. The ".."
marker is what determines the indentation.
For constructs using complex markers (`field lists`_ and `option
lists`_), where the marker may contain arbitrary text, the indentation
of the first line *after* the marker determines the left edge of the
body. For example, field lists may have very long markers (containing
the field names)::
:Hello: This field has a short field name, so aligning the field
body with the first line is feasible.
:Number-of-African-swallows-required-to-carry-a-coconut: It would
be very difficult to align the field body with the left edge
of the first line. It may even be preferable not to begin the
body on the same line as the marker.
Escaping Mechanism
==================
The character set universally available to plaintext documents, 7-bit
ASCII, is limited. No matter what characters are used for markup,
they will already have multiple meanings in written text. Therefore
markup characters *will* sometimes appear in text **without being
intended as markup**. Any serious markup system requires an escaping
mechanism to override the default meaning of the characters used for
the markup. In reStructuredText we use the backslash, commonly used
as an escaping character in other domains.
A backslash followed by any character (except whitespace characters)
escapes that character. The escaped character represents the
character itself, and is prevented from playing a role in any markup
interpretation. The backslash is removed from the output. A literal
backslash is represented by two backslashes in a row (the first
backslash "escapes" the second, preventing it being interpreted in an
"escaping" role).
Backslash-escaped whitespace characters are removed from the document.
This allows for character-level `inline markup`_.
There are two contexts in which backslashes have no special meaning:
literal blocks and inline literals. In these contexts, a single
backslash represents a literal backslash, without having to double up.
Please note that the reStructuredText specification and parser do not
address the issue of the representation or extraction of text input
(how and in what form the text actually *reaches* the parser).
Backslashes and other characters may serve a character-escaping
purpose in certain contexts and must be dealt with appropriately. For
example, Python uses backslashes in strings to escape certain
characters, but not others. The simplest solution when backslashes
appear in Python docstrings is to use raw docstrings::
r"""This is a raw docstring. Backslashes (\) are not touched."""
Reference Names
===============
Simple reference names are single words consisting of alphanumerics
plus isolated (no two adjacent) internal hyphens, underscores,
periods, colons and plus signs; no whitespace or other characters are
allowed. Footnote labels (Footnotes_ & `Footnote References`_), citation
labels (Citations_ & `Citation References`_), `interpreted text`_ roles,
and some `hyperlink references`_ use the simple reference name syntax.
Reference names using punctuation or whose names are phrases (two or
more space-separated words) are called "phrase-references".
Phrase-references are expressed by enclosing the phrase in backquotes
and treating the backquoted text as a reference name::
Want to learn about `my favorite programming language`_?
.. _my favorite programming language: http://www.python.org
Simple reference names may also optionally use backquotes.
Reference names are whitespace-neutral and case-insensitive. When
resolving reference names internally:
- whitespace is normalized (one or more spaces, horizontal or vertical
tabs, newlines, carriage returns, or form feeds, are interpreted as
a single space), and
- case is normalized (all alphabetic characters are converted to
lowercase).
For example, the following `hyperlink references`_ are equivalent::
- `A HYPERLINK`_
- `a hyperlink`_
- `A
Hyperlink`_
Hyperlinks_, footnotes_, and citations_ all share the same namespace
for reference names. The labels of citations (simple reference names)
and manually-numbered footnotes (numbers) are entered into the same
database as other hyperlink names. This means that a footnote
(defined as "``.. [1]``") which can be referred to by a footnote
reference (``[1]_``), can also be referred to by a plain hyperlink
reference (1_). Of course, each type of reference (hyperlink,
footnote, citation) may be processed and rendered differently. Some
care should be taken to avoid reference name conflicts.
Document Structure
==================
Document
--------
Doctree element: document.
The top-level element of a parsed reStructuredText document is the
"document" element. After initial parsing, the document element is a
simple container for a document fragment, consisting of `body
elements`_, transitions_, and sections_, but lacking a document title
or other bibliographic elements. The code that calls the parser may
choose to run one or more optional post-parse transforms_,
rearranging the document fragment into a complete document with a
title and possibly other metadata elements (author, date, etc.; see
`Bibliographic Fields`_).
.. _document title:
Specifically, there is no way to indicate a document title and
subtitle explicitly in reStructuredText. [#]_ Instead, a lone top-level
section title (see Sections_ below) can be treated as the document
title. Similarly, a lone second-level section title immediately after
the "document title" can become the document subtitle. The rest of
the sections are then lifted up a level or two. See the `DocTitle
transform`_ for details.
.. [#] The `title`_ configuration setting can set a document title that does
not become part of the document body.
.. _title: ../../user/config.html#title
Sections
--------
Doctree elements: section, title.
Sections are identified through their titles, which are marked up with
adornment: "underlines" below the title text, or underlines and
matching "overlines" above the title. An underline/overline is a
single repeated punctuation character that begins in column 1 and
forms a line extending at least as far as the right edge of the title
text. Specifically, an underline/overline character may be any
non-alphanumeric printable 7-bit ASCII character [#]_. When an
overline is used, the length and character used must match the
underline. Underline-only adornment styles are distinct from
overline-and-underline styles that use the same character. There may
be any number of levels of section titles, although some output
formats may have limits (HTML has 6 levels).
.. [#] The following are all valid section title adornment
characters::
! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / : ; < = > ? @ [ \ ] ^ _ ` { | } ~
Some characters are more suitable than others. The following are
recommended::
= - ` : . ' " ~ ^ _ * + #
Rather than imposing a fixed number and order of section title
adornment styles, the order enforced will be the order as encountered.
The first style encountered will be an outermost title (like HTML H1),
the second style will be a subtitle, the third will be a subsubtitle,
and so on.
Below are examples of section title styles::
===============
Section Title
===============
---------------
Section Title
---------------
Section Title
=============
Section Title
-------------
Section Title
`````````````
Section Title
'''''''''''''
Section Title
.............
Section Title
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Section Title
*************
Section Title
+++++++++++++
Section Title
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
When a title has both an underline and an overline, the title text may
be inset, as in the first two examples above. This is merely
aesthetic and not significant. Underline-only title text may *not* be
inset.
A blank line after a title is optional. All text blocks up to the
next title of the same or higher level are included in a section (or
subsection, etc.).
All section title styles need not be used, nor need any specific
section title style be used. However, a document must be consistent
in its use of section titles: once a hierarchy of title styles is
established, sections must use that hierarchy.
Each section title automatically generates a hyperlink target pointing
to the section. The text of the hyperlink target (the "reference
name") is the same as that of the section title. See `Implicit
Hyperlink Targets`_ for a complete description.
Sections may contain `body elements`_, transitions_, and nested
sections.
Transitions
-----------
Doctree element: transition.
Instead of subheads, extra space or a type ornament between
paragraphs may be used to mark text divisions or to signal
changes in subject or emphasis.
(The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th edition, section 1.80)
Transitions are commonly seen in novels and short fiction, as a gap
spanning one or more lines, with or without a type ornament such as a
row of asterisks. Transitions separate other body elements. A
transition should not begin or end a section or document, nor should
two transitions be immediately adjacent.
The syntax for a transition marker is a horizontal line of 4 or more
repeated punctuation characters. The syntax is the same as section
title underlines without title text. Transition markers require blank
lines before and after::
Para.
----------
Para.
Unlike section title underlines, no hierarchy of transition markers is
enforced, nor do differences in transition markers accomplish
anything. It is recommended that a single consistent style be used.
The processing system is free to render transitions in output in any
way it likes. For example, horizontal rules (``
``) in HTML output
would be an obvious choice.
Body Elements
=============
Paragraphs
----------
Doctree element: paragraph.
Paragraphs consist of blocks of left-aligned text with no markup
indicating any other body element. Blank lines separate paragraphs
from each other and from other body elements. Paragraphs may contain
`inline markup`_.
Syntax diagram::
+------------------------------+
| paragraph |
| |
+------------------------------+
+------------------------------+
| paragraph |
| |
+------------------------------+
Bullet Lists
------------
Doctree elements: bullet_list, list_item.
A text block which begins with a "*", "+", "-", "•", "‣", or "⁃",
followed by whitespace, is a bullet list item (a.k.a. "unordered" list
item). List item bodies must be left-aligned and indented relative to
the bullet; the text immediately after the bullet determines the
indentation. For example::
- This is the first bullet list item. The blank line above the
first list item is required; blank lines between list items
(such as below this paragraph) are optional.
- This is the first paragraph in the second item in the list.
This is the second paragraph in the second item in the list.
The blank line above this paragraph is required. The left edge
of this paragraph lines up with the paragraph above, both
indented relative to the bullet.
- This is a sublist. The bullet lines up with the left edge of
the text blocks above. A sublist is a new list so requires a
blank line above and below.
- This is the third item of the main list.
This paragraph is not part of the list.
Here are examples of **incorrectly** formatted bullet lists::
- This first line is fine.
A blank line is required between list items and paragraphs.
(Warning)
- The following line appears to be a new sublist, but it is not:
- This is a paragraph continuation, not a sublist (since there's
no blank line). This line is also incorrectly indented.
- Warnings may be issued by the implementation.
Syntax diagram::
+------+-----------------------+
| "- " | list item |
+------| (body elements)+ |
+-----------------------+
Enumerated Lists
----------------
Doctree elements: enumerated_list, list_item.
Enumerated lists (a.k.a. "ordered" lists) are similar to bullet lists,
but use enumerators instead of bullets. An enumerator consists of an
enumeration sequence member and formatting, followed by whitespace.
The following enumeration sequences are recognized:
- arabic numerals: 1, 2, 3, ... (no upper limit).
- uppercase alphabet characters: A, B, C, ..., Z.
- lower-case alphabet characters: a, b, c, ..., z.
- uppercase Roman numerals: I, II, III, IV, ..., MMMMCMXCIX (4999).
- lowercase Roman numerals: i, ii, iii, iv, ..., mmmmcmxcix (4999).
In addition, the auto-enumerator, "#", may be used to automatically
enumerate a list. Auto-enumerated lists may begin with explicit
enumeration, which sets the sequence. Fully auto-enumerated lists use
arabic numerals and begin with 1. (Auto-enumerated lists are new in
Docutils 0.3.8.)
The following formatting types are recognized:
- suffixed with a period: "1.", "A.", "a.", "I.", "i.".
- surrounded by parentheses: "(1)", "(A)", "(a)", "(I)", "(i)".
- suffixed with a right-parenthesis: "1)", "A)", "a)", "I)", "i)".
While parsing an enumerated list, a new list will be started whenever:
- An enumerator is encountered which does not have the same format and
sequence type as the current list (e.g. "1.", "(a)" produces two
separate lists).
- The enumerators are not in sequence (e.g., "1.", "3." produces two
separate lists).
It is recommended that the enumerator of the first list item be
ordinal-1 ("1", "A", "a", "I", or "i"). Although other start-values
will be recognized, they may not be supported by the output format. A
level-1 [info] system message will be generated for any list beginning
with a non-ordinal-1 enumerator.
Lists using Roman numerals must begin with "I"/"i" or a
multi-character value, such as "II" or "XV". Any other
single-character Roman numeral ("V", "X", "L", "C", "D", "M") will be
interpreted as a letter of the alphabet, not as a Roman numeral.
Likewise, lists using letters of the alphabet may not begin with
"I"/"i", since these are recognized as Roman numeral 1.
The second line of each enumerated list item is checked for validity.
This is to prevent ordinary paragraphs from being mistakenly
interpreted as list items, when they happen to begin with text
identical to enumerators. For example, this text is parsed as an
ordinary paragraph::
A. Einstein was a really
smart dude.
However, ambiguity cannot be avoided if the paragraph consists of only
one line. This text is parsed as an enumerated list item::
A. Einstein was a really smart dude.
If a single-line paragraph begins with text identical to an enumerator
("A.", "1.", "(b)", "I)", etc.), the first character will have to be
escaped in order to have the line parsed as an ordinary paragraph::
\A. Einstein was a really smart dude.
Examples of nested enumerated lists::
1. Item 1 initial text.
a) Item 1a.
b) Item 1b.
2. a) Item 2a.
b) Item 2b.
Example syntax diagram::
+-------+----------------------+
| "1. " | list item |
+-------| (body elements)+ |
+----------------------+
Definition Lists
----------------
Doctree elements: definition_list, definition_list_item, term,
classifier, definition.
Each definition list item contains a term, optional classifiers, and a
definition. A term is a simple one-line word or phrase. Optional
classifiers may follow the term on the same line, each after an inline
" : " (space, colon, space). A definition is a block indented
relative to the term, and may contain multiple paragraphs and other
body elements. There may be no blank line between a term line and a
definition block (this distinguishes definition lists from `block
quotes`_). Blank lines are required before the first and after the
last definition list item, but are optional in-between. For example::
term 1
Definition 1.
term 2
Definition 2, paragraph 1.
Definition 2, paragraph 2.
term 3 : classifier
Definition 3.
term 4 : classifier one : classifier two
Definition 4.
Inline markup is parsed in the term line before the classifier
delimiter (" : ") is recognized. The delimiter will only be
recognized if it appears outside of any inline markup.
A definition list may be used in various ways, including:
- As a dictionary or glossary. The term is the word itself, a
classifier may be used to indicate the usage of the term (noun,
verb, etc.), and the definition follows.
- To describe program variables. The term is the variable name, a
classifier may be used to indicate the type of the variable (string,
integer, etc.), and the definition describes the variable's use in
the program. This usage of definition lists supports the classifier
syntax of Grouch_, a system for describing and enforcing a Python
object schema.
Syntax diagram::
+----------------------------+
| term [ " : " classifier ]* |
+--+-------------------------+--+
| definition |
| (body elements)+ |
+----------------------------+
Field Lists
-----------
Doctree elements: field_list, field, field_name, field_body.
Field lists are used as part of an extension syntax, such as options
for directives_, or database-like records meant for further
processing. They may also be used for two-column table-like
structures resembling database records (label & data pairs).
Applications of reStructuredText may recognize field names and
transform fields or field bodies in certain contexts. For examples,
see `Bibliographic Fields`_ below, or the "image_" and "meta_"
directives in `reStructuredText Directives`_.
.. _field names:
Field lists are mappings from *field names* to *field bodies*, modeled on
RFC822_ headers. A field name may consist of any characters, but
colons (":") inside of field names must be escaped with a backslash.
Inline markup is parsed in field names. Field names are
case-insensitive when further processed or transformed. The field
name, along with a single colon prefix and suffix, together form the
field marker. The field marker is followed by whitespace and the
field body. The field body may contain multiple body elements,
indented relative to the field marker. The first line after the field
name marker determines the indentation of the field body. For
example::
:Date: 2001-08-16
:Version: 1
:Authors: - Me
- Myself
- I
:Indentation: Since the field marker may be quite long, the second
and subsequent lines of the field body do not have to line up
with the first line, but they must be indented relative to the
field name marker, and they must line up with each other.
:Parameter i: integer
The interpretation of individual words in a multi-word field name is
up to the application. The application may specify a syntax for the
field name. For example, second and subsequent words may be treated
as "arguments", quoted phrases may be treated as a single argument,
and direct support for the "name=value" syntax may be added.
Standard RFC822_ headers cannot be used for this construct because
they are ambiguous. A word followed by a colon at the beginning of a
line is common in written text. However, in well-defined contexts
such as when a field list invariably occurs at the beginning of a
document (PEPs and email messages), standard RFC822 headers could be
used.
Syntax diagram (simplified)::
+--------------------+----------------------+
| ":" field name ":" | field body |
+-------+------------+ |
| (body elements)+ |
+-----------------------------------+
Bibliographic Fields
````````````````````
Doctree elements: docinfo, author, authors, organization, contact,
version, status, date, copyright, field, topic.
When a field list is the first non-comment element in a document
(after the document title, if there is one), it may have its fields
transformed to document bibliographic data. This bibliographic data
corresponds to the front matter of a book, such as the title page and
copyright page.
Certain registered field names (listed below) are recognized and
transformed to the corresponding doctree elements, most becoming child
elements of the "docinfo" element. No ordering is required of these
fields, although they may be rearranged to fit the document structure,
as noted. Unless otherwise indicated below, each of the bibliographic
elements' field bodies may contain a single paragraph only. Field
bodies may be checked for `RCS keywords`_ and cleaned up. Any
unrecognized fields will remain as generic fields in the docinfo
element.
The registered bibliographic field names and their corresponding
doctree elements are as follows:
- Field name "Author": author element.
- "Authors": authors.
- "Organization": organization.
- "Contact": contact.
- "Address": address.
- "Version": version.
- "Status": status.
- "Date": date.
- "Copyright": copyright.
- "Dedication": topic.
- "Abstract": topic.
The "Authors" field may contain either: a single paragraph consisting
of a list of authors, separated by ";" or ","; or a bullet list whose
elements each contain a single paragraph per author. ";" is checked
first, so "Doe, Jane; Doe, John" will work. In some languages
(e.g. Swedish), there is no singular/plural distinction between
"Author" and "Authors", so only an "Authors" field is provided, and a
single name is interpreted as an "Author". If a single name contains
a comma, end it with a semicolon to disambiguate: ":Authors: Doe,
Jane;".
The "Address" field is for a multi-line surface mailing address.
Newlines and whitespace will be preserved.
The "Dedication" and "Abstract" fields may contain arbitrary body
elements. Only one of each is allowed. They become topic elements
with "Dedication" or "Abstract" titles (or language equivalents)
immediately following the docinfo element.
This field-name-to-element mapping can be replaced for other
languages. See the `DocInfo transform`_ implementation documentation
for details.
Unregistered/generic fields may contain one or more paragraphs or
arbitrary body elements.
The field name is also used as a "classes"
attribute value after being converted into a valid identifier form.
RCS Keywords
````````````
`Bibliographic fields`_ recognized by the parser are normally checked
for RCS [#]_ keywords and cleaned up [#]_. RCS keywords may be
entered into source files as "$keyword$", and once stored under RCS or
CVS [#]_, they are expanded to "$keyword: expansion text $". For
example, a "Status" field will be transformed to a "status" element::
:Status: $keyword: expansion text $
.. [#] Revision Control System.
.. [#] RCS keyword processing can be turned off (unimplemented).
.. [#] Concurrent Versions System. CVS uses the same keywords as RCS.
Processed, the "status" element's text will become simply "expansion
text". The dollar sign delimiters and leading RCS keyword name are
removed.
The RCS keyword processing only kicks in when the field list is in
bibliographic context (first non-comment construct in the document,
after a document title if there is one).
Option Lists
------------
Doctree elements: option_list, option_list_item, option_group, option,
option_string, option_argument, description.
Option lists are two-column lists of command-line options and
descriptions, documenting a program's options. For example::
-a Output all.
-b Output both (this description is
quite long).
-c arg Output just arg.
--long Output all day long.
-p This option has two paragraphs in the description.
This is the first.
This is the second. Blank lines may be omitted between
options (as above) or left in (as here and below).
--very-long-option A VMS-style option. Note the adjustment for
the required two spaces.
--an-even-longer-option
The description can also start on the next line.
-2, --two This option has two variants.
-f FILE, --file=FILE These two options are synonyms; both have
arguments.
/V A VMS/DOS-style option.
There are several types of options recognized by reStructuredText:
- Short POSIX options consist of one dash and an option letter.
- Long POSIX options consist of two dashes and an option word; some
systems use a single dash.
- Old GNU-style "plus" options consist of one plus and an option
letter ("plus" options are deprecated now, their use discouraged).
- DOS/VMS options consist of a slash and an option letter or word.
Please note that both POSIX-style and DOS/VMS-style options may be
used by DOS or Windows software. These and other variations are
sometimes used mixed together. The names above have been chosen for
convenience only.
The syntax for short and long POSIX options is based on the syntax
supported by Python's getopt.py_ module, which implements an option
parser similar to the `GNU libc getopt_long()`_ function but with some
restrictions. There are many variant option systems, and
reStructuredText option lists do not support all of them.
Although long POSIX and DOS/VMS option words may be allowed to be
truncated by the operating system or the application when used on the
command line, reStructuredText option lists do not show or support
this with any special syntax. The complete option word should be
given, supported by notes about truncation if and when applicable.
Options may be followed by an argument placeholder, whose role and
syntax should be explained in the description text. Either a space or
an equals sign may be used as a delimiter between options and option
argument placeholders; short options ("-" or "+" prefix only) may omit
the delimiter. Option arguments may take one of two forms:
- Begins with a letter (``[a-zA-Z]``) and subsequently consists of
letters, numbers, underscores and hyphens (``[a-zA-Z0-9_-]``).
- Begins with an open-angle-bracket (``<``) and ends with a
close-angle-bracket (``>``); any characters except angle brackets
are allowed internally.
Multiple option "synonyms" may be listed, sharing a single
description. They must be separated by comma-space.
There must be at least two spaces between the option(s) and the
description. The description may contain multiple body elements. The
first line after the option marker determines the indentation of the
description. As with other types of lists, blank lines are required
before the first option list item and after the last, but are optional
between option entries.
Syntax diagram (simplified)::
+----------------------------+-------------+
| option [" " argument] " " | description |
+-------+--------------------+ |
| (body elements)+ |
+----------------------------------+
Literal Blocks
--------------
Doctree element: literal_block.
A paragraph consisting of two colons ("::") signifies that the
following text block(s) comprise a literal block. The literal block
must either be indented or quoted (see below). No markup processing
is done within a literal block. It is left as-is, and is typically
rendered in a monospaced typeface::
This is a typical paragraph. An indented literal block follows.
::
for a in [5,4,3,2,1]: # this is program code, shown as-is
print a
print "it's..."
# a literal block continues until the indentation ends
This text has returned to the indentation of the first paragraph,
is outside of the literal block, and is therefore treated as an
ordinary paragraph.
The paragraph containing only "::" will be completely removed from the
output; no empty paragraph will remain.
As a convenience, the "::" is recognized at the end of any paragraph.
If immediately preceded by whitespace, both colons will be removed
from the output (this is the "partially minimized" form). When text
immediately precedes the "::", *one* colon will be removed from the
output, leaving only one colon visible (i.e., "::" will be replaced by
":"; this is the "fully minimized" form).
In other words, these are all equivalent (please pay attention to the
colons after "Paragraph"):
1. Expanded form::
Paragraph:
::
Literal block
2. Partially minimized form::
Paragraph: ::
Literal block
3. Fully minimized form::
Paragraph::
Literal block
All whitespace (including line breaks, but excluding minimum
indentation for indented literal blocks) is preserved. Blank lines
are required before and after a literal block, but these blank lines
are not included as part of the literal block.
Indented Literal Blocks
```````````````````````
Indented literal blocks are indicated by indentation relative to the
surrounding text (leading whitespace on each line). The minimum
indentation will be removed from each line of an indented literal
block. The literal block need not be contiguous; blank lines are
allowed between sections of indented text. The literal block ends
with the end of the indentation.
Syntax diagram::
+------------------------------+
| paragraph |
| (ends with "::") |
+------------------------------+
+---------------------------+
| indented literal block |
+---------------------------+
Quoted Literal Blocks
`````````````````````
Quoted literal blocks are unindented contiguous blocks of text where
each line begins with the same non-alphanumeric printable 7-bit ASCII
character [#]_. A blank line ends a quoted literal block. The
quoting characters are preserved in the processed document.
.. [#]
The following are all valid quoting characters::
! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / : ; < = > ? @ [ \ ] ^ _ ` { | } ~
Note that these are the same characters as are valid for title
adornment of sections_.
Possible uses include literate programming in Haskell and email
quoting::
John Doe wrote::
>> Great idea!
>
> Why didn't I think of that?
You just did! ;-)
Syntax diagram::
+------------------------------+
| paragraph |
| (ends with "::") |
+------------------------------+
+------------------------------+
| ">" per-line-quoted |
| ">" contiguous literal block |
+------------------------------+
Line Blocks
-----------
Doctree elements: line_block, line. (New in Docutils 0.3.5.)
Line blocks are useful for address blocks, verse (poetry, song
lyrics), and unadorned lists, where the structure of lines is
significant. Line blocks are groups of lines beginning with vertical
bar ("|") prefixes. Each vertical bar prefix indicates a new line, so
line breaks are preserved. Initial indents are also significant,
resulting in a nested structure. Inline markup is supported.
Continuation lines are wrapped portions of long lines; they begin with
a space in place of the vertical bar. The left edge of a continuation
line must be indented, but need not be aligned with the left edge of
the text above it. A line block ends with a blank line.
This example illustrates continuation lines::
| Lend us a couple of bob till Thursday.
| I'm absolutely skint.
| But I'm expecting a postal order and I can pay you back
as soon as it comes.
| Love, Ewan.
This example illustrates the nesting of line blocks, indicated by the
initial indentation of new lines::
Take it away, Eric the Orchestra Leader!
| A one, two, a one two three four
|
| Half a bee, philosophically,
| must, *ipso facto*, half not be.
| But half the bee has got to be,
| *vis a vis* its entity. D'you see?
|
| But can a bee be said to be
| or not to be an entire bee,
| when half the bee is not a bee,
| due to some ancient injury?
|
| Singing...
Syntax diagram::
+------+-----------------------+
| "| " | line |
+------| continuation line |
+-----------------------+
Block Quotes
------------
Doctree element: block_quote, attribution.
A text block that is indented relative to the preceding text, without
preceding markup indicating it to be a literal block or other content,
is a block quote. All markup processing (for body elements and inline
markup) continues within the block quote::
This is an ordinary paragraph, introducing a block quote.
"It is my business to know things. That is my trade."
-- Sherlock Holmes
A block quote may end with an attribution: a text block beginning with
"--", "---", or a true em-dash, flush left within the block quote. If
the attribution consists of multiple lines, the left edges of the
second and subsequent lines must align.
Multiple block quotes may occur consecutively if terminated with
attributions.
Unindented paragraph.
Block quote 1.
-- Attribution 1
Block quote 2.
`Empty comments`_ may be used to explicitly terminate preceding
constructs that would otherwise consume a block quote::
* List item.
..
Block quote 3.
Empty comments may also be used to separate block quotes::
Block quote 4.
..
Block quote 5.
Blank lines are required before and after a block quote, but these
blank lines are not included as part of the block quote.
Syntax diagram::
+------------------------------+
| (current level of |
| indentation) |
+------------------------------+
+---------------------------+
| block quote |
| (body elements)+ |
| |
| -- attribution text |
| (optional) |
+---------------------------+
Doctest Blocks
--------------
Doctree element: doctest_block.
Doctest blocks are interactive Python sessions cut-and-pasted into
docstrings. They are meant to illustrate usage by example, and
provide an elegant and powerful testing environment via the `doctest
module`_ in the Python standard library.
Doctest blocks are text blocks which begin with ``">>> "``, the Python
interactive interpreter main prompt, and end with a blank line.
Doctest blocks are treated as a special case of literal blocks,
without requiring the literal block syntax. If both are present, the
literal block syntax takes priority over Doctest block syntax::
This is an ordinary paragraph.
>>> print 'this is a Doctest block'
this is a Doctest block
The following is a literal block::
>>> This is not recognized as a doctest block by
reStructuredText. It *will* be recognized by the doctest
module, though!
Indentation is not required for doctest blocks.
Tables
------
Doctree elements: table, tgroup, colspec, thead, tbody, row, entry.
ReStructuredText provides two syntaxes for delineating table cells:
`Grid Tables`_ and `Simple Tables`_.
As with other body elements, blank lines are required before and after
tables. Tables' left edges should align with the left edge of
preceding text blocks; if indented, the table is considered to be part
of a block quote.
Once isolated, each table cell is treated as a miniature document; the
top and bottom cell boundaries act as delimiting blank lines. Each
cell contains zero or more body elements. Cell contents may include
left and/or right margins, which are removed before processing.
Grid Tables
```````````
Grid tables provide a complete table representation via grid-like
"ASCII art". Grid tables allow arbitrary cell contents (body
elements), and both row and column spans. However, grid tables can be
cumbersome to produce, especially for simple data sets. The `Emacs
table mode`_ is a tool that allows easy editing of grid tables, in
Emacs. See `Simple Tables`_ for a simpler (but limited)
representation.
Grid tables are described with a visual grid made up of the characters
"-", "=", "|", and "+". The hyphen ("-") is used for horizontal lines
(row separators). The equals sign ("=") may be used to separate
optional header rows from the table body (not supported by the `Emacs
table mode`_). The vertical bar ("|") is used for vertical lines
(column separators). The plus sign ("+") is used for intersections of
horizontal and vertical lines. Example::
+------------------------+------------+----------+----------+
| Header row, column 1 | Header 2 | Header 3 | Header 4 |
| (header rows optional) | | | |
+========================+============+==========+==========+
| body row 1, column 1 | column 2 | column 3 | column 4 |
+------------------------+------------+----------+----------+
| body row 2 | Cells may span columns. |
+------------------------+------------+---------------------+
| body row 3 | Cells may | - Table cells |
+------------------------+ span rows. | - contain |
| body row 4 | | - body elements. |
+------------------------+------------+---------------------+
Some care must be taken with grid tables to avoid undesired
interactions with cell text in rare cases. For example, the following
table contains a cell in row 2 spanning from column 2 to column 4::
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
| row 1, col 1 | column 2 | column 3 | column 4 |
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
| row 2 | |
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
| row 3 | | | |
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
If a vertical bar is used in the text of that cell, it could have
unintended effects if accidentally aligned with column boundaries::
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
| row 1, col 1 | column 2 | column 3 | column 4 |
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
| row 2 | Use the command ``ls | more``. |
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
| row 3 | | | |
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
Several solutions are possible. All that is needed is to break the
continuity of the cell outline rectangle. One possibility is to shift
the text by adding an extra space before::
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
| row 1, col 1 | column 2 | column 3 | column 4 |
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
| row 2 | Use the command ``ls | more``. |
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
| row 3 | | | |
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
Another possibility is to add an extra line to row 2::
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
| row 1, col 1 | column 2 | column 3 | column 4 |
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
| row 2 | Use the command ``ls | more``. |
| | |
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
| row 3 | | | |
+--------------+----------+-----------+-----------+
Simple Tables
`````````````
Simple tables provide a compact and easy to type but limited
row-oriented table representation for simple data sets. Cell contents
are typically single paragraphs, although arbitrary body elements may
be represented in most cells. Simple tables allow multi-line rows (in
all but the first column) and column spans, but not row spans. See
`Grid Tables`_ above for a complete table representation.
Simple tables are described with horizontal borders made up of "=" and
"-" characters. The equals sign ("=") is used for top and bottom
table borders, and to separate optional header rows from the table
body. The hyphen ("-") is used to indicate column spans in a single
row by underlining the joined columns, and may optionally be used to
explicitly and/or visually separate rows.
A simple table begins with a top border of equals signs with one or
more spaces at each column boundary (two or more spaces recommended).
Regardless of spans, the top border *must* fully describe all table
columns. There must be at least two columns in the table (to
differentiate it from section headers). The top border may be
followed by header rows, and the last of the optional header rows is
underlined with '=', again with spaces at column boundaries. There
may not be a blank line below the header row separator; it would be
interpreted as the bottom border of the table. The bottom boundary of
the table consists of '=' underlines, also with spaces at column
boundaries. For example, here is a truth table, a three-column table
with one header row and four body rows::
===== ===== =======
A B A and B
===== ===== =======
False False False
True False False
False True False
True True True
===== ===== =======
Underlines of '-' may be used to indicate column spans by "filling in"
column margins to join adjacent columns. Column span underlines must
be complete (they must cover all columns) and align with established
column boundaries. Text lines containing column span underlines may
not contain any other text. A column span underline applies only to
one row immediately above it. For example, here is a table with a
column span in the header::
===== ===== ======
Inputs Output
------------ ------
A B A or B
===== ===== ======
False False False
True False True
False True True
True True True
===== ===== ======
Each line of text must contain spaces at column boundaries, except
where cells have been joined by column spans. Each line of text
starts a new row, except when there is a blank cell in the first
column. In that case, that line of text is parsed as a continuation
line. For this reason, cells in the first column of new rows (*not*
continuation lines) *must* contain some text; blank cells would lead
to a misinterpretation (but see the tip below). Also, this mechanism
limits cells in the first column to only one line of text. Use `grid
tables`_ if this limitation is unacceptable.
.. Tip::
To start a new row in a simple table without text in the first
column in the processed output, use one of these:
* an empty comment (".."), which may be omitted from the processed
output (see Comments_ below)
* a backslash escape ("``\``") followed by a space (see `Escaping
Mechanism`_ above)
Underlines of '-' may also be used to visually separate rows, even if
there are no column spans. This is especially useful in long tables,
where rows are many lines long.
Blank lines are permitted within simple tables. Their interpretation
depends on the context. Blank lines *between* rows are ignored.
Blank lines *within* multi-line rows may separate paragraphs or other
body elements within cells.
The rightmost column is unbounded; text may continue past the edge of
the table (as indicated by the table borders). However, it is
recommended that borders be made long enough to contain the entire
text.
The following example illustrates continuation lines (row 2 consists
of two lines of text, and four lines for row 3), a blank line
separating paragraphs (row 3, column 2), text extending past the right
edge of the table, and a new row which will have no text in the first
column in the processed output (row 4)::
===== =====
col 1 col 2
===== =====
1 Second column of row 1.
2 Second column of row 2.
Second line of paragraph.
3 - Second column of row 3.
- Second item in bullet
list (row 3, column 2).
\ Row 4; column 1 will be empty.
===== =====
Explicit Markup Blocks
----------------------
An explicit markup block is a text block:
- whose first line begins with ".." followed by whitespace (the
"explicit markup start"),
- whose second and subsequent lines (if any) are indented relative to
the first, and
- which ends before an unindented line.
Explicit markup blocks are analogous to bullet list items, with ".."
as the bullet. The text on the lines immediately after the explicit
markup start determines the indentation of the block body. The
maximum common indentation is always removed from the second and
subsequent lines of the block body. Therefore if the first construct
fits in one line, and the indentation of the first and second
constructs should differ, the first construct should not begin on the
same line as the explicit markup start.
Blank lines are required between explicit markup blocks and other
elements, but are optional between explicit markup blocks where
unambiguous.
The explicit markup syntax is used for footnotes, citations, hyperlink
targets, directives, substitution definitions, and comments.
Footnotes
`````````
See also: `Footnote References`_.
Doctree elements: footnote_, label_.
Configuration settings:
`footnote_references `_.
.. _footnote: ../doctree.html#footnote
.. _label: ../doctree.html#label
.. _footnote_references setting:
../../user/config.html#footnote-references-html4css1-writer
Each footnote consists of an explicit markup start (".. "), a left
square bracket, the footnote label, a right square bracket, and
whitespace, followed by indented body elements. A footnote label can
be:
- a whole decimal number consisting of one or more digits,
- a single "#" (denoting `auto-numbered footnotes`_),
- a "#" followed by a simple reference name (an `autonumber label`_),
or
- a single "*" (denoting `auto-symbol footnotes`_).
The footnote content (body elements) must be consistently indented (by
at least 3 spaces) and left-aligned. The first body element within a
footnote may often begin on the same line as the footnote label.
However, if the first element fits on one line and the indentation of
the remaining elements differ, the first element must begin on the
line after the footnote label. Otherwise, the difference in
indentation will not be detected.
Footnotes may occur anywhere in the document, not only at the end.
Where and how they appear in the processed output depends on the
processing system.
Here is a manually numbered footnote::
.. [1] Body elements go here.
Each footnote automatically generates a hyperlink target pointing to
itself. The text of the hyperlink target name is the same as that of
the footnote label. `Auto-numbered footnotes`_ generate a number as
their footnote label and reference name. See `Implicit Hyperlink
Targets`_ for a complete description of the mechanism.
Syntax diagram::
+-------+-------------------------+
| ".. " | "[" label "]" footnote |
+-------+ |
| (body elements)+ |
+-------------------------+
Auto-Numbered Footnotes
.......................
A number sign ("#") may be used as the first character of a footnote
label to request automatic numbering of the footnote or footnote
reference.
The first footnote to request automatic numbering is assigned the
label "1", the second is assigned the label "2", and so on (assuming
there are no manually numbered footnotes present; see `Mixed Manual
and Auto-Numbered Footnotes`_ below). A footnote which has
automatically received a label "1" generates an implicit hyperlink
target with name "1", just as if the label was explicitly specified.
.. _autonumber label: `autonumber labels`_
A footnote may specify a label explicitly while at the same time
requesting automatic numbering: ``[#label]``. These labels are called
_`autonumber labels`. Autonumber labels do two things:
- On the footnote itself, they generate a hyperlink target whose name
is the autonumber label (doesn't include the "#").
- They allow an automatically numbered footnote to be referred to more
than once, as a footnote reference or hyperlink reference. For
example::
If [#note]_ is the first footnote reference, it will show up as
"[1]". We can refer to it again as [#note]_ and again see
"[1]". We can also refer to it as note_ (an ordinary internal
hyperlink reference).
.. [#note] This is the footnote labeled "note".
The numbering is determined by the order of the footnotes, not by the
order of the references. For footnote references without autonumber
labels (``[#]_``), the footnotes and footnote references must be in
the same relative order but need not alternate in lock-step. For
example::
[#]_ is a reference to footnote 1, and [#]_ is a reference to
footnote 2.
.. [#] This is footnote 1.
.. [#] This is footnote 2.
.. [#] This is footnote 3.
[#]_ is a reference to footnote 3.
Special care must be taken if footnotes themselves contain
auto-numbered footnote references, or if multiple references are made
in close proximity. Footnotes and references are noted in the order
they are encountered in the document, which is not necessarily the
same as the order in which a person would read them.
Auto-Symbol Footnotes
.....................
An asterisk ("*") may be used for footnote labels to request automatic
symbol generation for footnotes and footnote references. The asterisk
may be the only character in the label. For example::
Here is a symbolic footnote reference: [*]_.
.. [*] This is the footnote.
A transform will insert symbols as labels into corresponding footnotes
and footnote references. The number of references must be equal to
the number of footnotes. One symbol footnote cannot have multiple
references.
The standard Docutils system uses the following symbols for footnote
marks [#]_:
- asterisk/star ("*")
- dagger (HTML character entity "†", Unicode U+02020)
- double dagger ("‡"/U+02021)
- section mark ("§"/U+000A7)
- pilcrow or paragraph mark ("¶"/U+000B6)
- number sign ("#")
- spade suit ("♠"/U+02660)
- heart suit ("♥"/U+02665)
- diamond suit ("♦"/U+02666)
- club suit ("♣"/U+02663)
.. [#] This list was inspired by the list of symbols for "Note
Reference Marks" in The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th edition,
section 12.51. "Parallels" ("||") were given in CMoS instead of
the pilcrow. The last four symbols (the card suits) were added
arbitrarily.
If more than ten symbols are required, the same sequence will be
reused, doubled and then tripled, and so on ("**" etc.).
.. Note:: When using auto-symbol footnotes, the choice of output
encoding is important. Many of the symbols used are not encodable
in certain common text encodings such as Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1). The
use of UTF-8 for the output encoding is recommended. An
alternative for HTML and XML output is to use the
"xmlcharrefreplace" `output encoding error handler`__.
__ ../../user/config.html#output-encoding-error-handler
Mixed Manual and Auto-Numbered Footnotes
........................................
Manual and automatic footnote numbering may both be used within a
single document, although the results may not be expected. Manual
numbering takes priority. Only unused footnote numbers are assigned
to auto-numbered footnotes. The following example should be
illustrative::
[2]_ will be "2" (manually numbered),
[#]_ will be "3" (anonymous auto-numbered), and
[#label]_ will be "1" (labeled auto-numbered).
.. [2] This footnote is labeled manually, so its number is fixed.
.. [#label] This autonumber-labeled footnote will be labeled "1".
It is the first auto-numbered footnote and no other footnote
with label "1" exists. The order of the footnotes is used to
determine numbering, not the order of the footnote references.
.. [#] This footnote will be labeled "3". It is the second
auto-numbered footnote, but footnote label "2" is already used.
Citations
`````````
See also: `Citation References`_.
Doctree element: citation_
.. _citation: ../doctree.html#citation
Citations are identical to footnotes except that they use only
non-numeric labels such as ``[note]`` or ``[GVR2001]``. Citation
labels are simple `reference names`_ (case-insensitive single words
consisting of alphanumerics plus internal hyphens, underscores, and
periods; no whitespace). Citations may be rendered separately and
differently from footnotes. For example::
Here is a citation reference: [CIT2002]_.
.. [CIT2002] This is the citation. It's just like a footnote,
except the label is textual.
.. _hyperlinks:
Hyperlink Targets
`````````````````
Doctree element: target_.
.. _target: ../doctree.html#target
These are also called _`explicit hyperlink targets`, to differentiate
them from `implicit hyperlink targets`_ defined below.
Hyperlink targets identify a location within or outside of a document,
which may be linked to by `hyperlink references`_.
Hyperlink targets may be named or anonymous. Named hyperlink targets
consist of an explicit markup start (".. "), an underscore, the
reference name (no trailing underscore), a colon, whitespace, and a
link block::
.. _hyperlink-name: link-block
Reference names are whitespace-neutral and case-insensitive. See
`Reference Names`_ for details and examples.
Anonymous hyperlink targets consist of an explicit markup start
(".. "), two underscores, a colon, whitespace, and a link block; there
is no reference name::
.. __: anonymous-hyperlink-target-link-block
An alternate syntax for anonymous hyperlinks consists of two
underscores, a space, and a link block::
__ anonymous-hyperlink-target-link-block
See `Anonymous Hyperlinks`_ below.
There are three types of hyperlink targets: internal, external, and
indirect.
1. _`Internal hyperlink targets` have empty link blocks. They provide
an end point allowing a hyperlink to connect one place to another
within a document. An internal hyperlink target points to the
element following the target. [#]_ For example::
Clicking on this internal hyperlink will take us to the target_
below.
.. _target:
The hyperlink target above points to this paragraph.
Internal hyperlink targets may be "chained". Multiple adjacent
internal hyperlink targets all point to the same element::
.. _target1:
.. _target2:
The targets "target1" and "target2" are synonyms; they both
point to this paragraph.
If the element "pointed to" is an external hyperlink target (with a
URI in its link block; see #2 below) the URI from the external
hyperlink target is propagated to the internal hyperlink targets;
they will all "point to" the same URI. There is no need to
duplicate a URI. For example, all three of the following hyperlink
targets refer to the same URI::
.. _Python DOC-SIG mailing list archive:
.. _archive:
.. _Doc-SIG: http://mail.python.org/pipermail/doc-sig/
An inline form of internal hyperlink target is available; see
`Inline Internal Targets`_.
.. [#] Works also, if the internal hyperlink target is "nested" at the
end of an indented text block. This behaviour allows setting targets
to individual list items (except the first, as a preceding internal
target applies to the list as a whole)::
* bullet list
.. _`second item`:
* second item, with hyperlink target.
2. _`External hyperlink targets` have an absolute or relative URI or
email address in their link blocks. For example, take the
following input::
See the Python_ home page for info.
`Write to me`_ with your questions.
.. _Python: http://www.python.org
.. _Write to me: jdoe@example.com
After processing into HTML, the hyperlinks might be expressed as::
See the Python home page
for info.
Write to me with your
questions.
An external hyperlink's URI may begin on the same line as the
explicit markup start and target name, or it may begin in an
indented text block immediately following, with no intervening
blank lines. If there are multiple lines in the link block, they
are concatenated. Any whitespace is removed (whitespace is
permitted to allow for line wrapping). The following external
hyperlink targets are equivalent::
.. _one-liner: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
.. _starts-on-this-line: http://
docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
.. _entirely-below:
http://docutils.
sourceforge.net/rst.html
If an external hyperlink target's URI contains an underscore as its
last character, it must be escaped to avoid being mistaken for an
indirect hyperlink target::
This link_ refers to a file called ``underscore_``.
.. _link: underscore\_
It is possible (although not generally recommended) to include URIs
directly within hyperlink references. See `Embedded URIs and Aliases`_
below.
3. _`Indirect hyperlink targets` have a hyperlink reference in their
link blocks. In the following example, target "one" indirectly
references whatever target "two" references, and target "two"
references target "three", an internal hyperlink target. In
effect, all three reference the same thing::
.. _one: two_
.. _two: three_
.. _three:
Just as with `hyperlink references`_ anywhere else in a document,
if a phrase-reference is used in the link block it must be enclosed
in backquotes. As with `external hyperlink targets`_, the link
block of an indirect hyperlink target may begin on the same line as
the explicit markup start or the next line. It may also be split
over multiple lines, in which case the lines are joined with
whitespace before being normalized.
For example, the following indirect hyperlink targets are
equivalent::
.. _one-liner: `A HYPERLINK`_
.. _entirely-below:
`a hyperlink`_
.. _split: `A
Hyperlink`_
It is possible to include an alias directly within hyperlink
references. See `Embedded URIs and Aliases`_ below.
If the reference name contains any colons, either:
- the phrase must be enclosed in backquotes::
.. _`FAQTS: Computers: Programming: Languages: Python`:
http://python.faqts.com/
- or the colon(s) must be backslash-escaped in the link target::
.. _Chapter One\: "Tadpole Days":
It's not easy being green...
See `Implicit Hyperlink Targets`_ below for the resolution of
duplicate reference names.
Syntax diagram::
+-------+----------------------+
| ".. " | "_" name ":" link |
+-------+ block |
| |
+----------------------+
Anonymous Hyperlinks
....................
The `World Wide Web Consortium`_ recommends in its `HTML Techniques
for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines`_ that authors should
"clearly identify the target of each link." Hyperlink references
should be as verbose as possible, but duplicating a verbose hyperlink
name in the target is onerous and error-prone. Anonymous hyperlinks
are designed to allow convenient verbose hyperlink references, and are
analogous to `Auto-Numbered Footnotes`_. They are particularly useful
in short or one-off documents. However, this feature is easily abused
and can result in unreadable plaintext and/or unmaintainable
documents. Caution is advised.
Anonymous `hyperlink references`_ are specified with two underscores
instead of one::
See `the web site of my favorite programming language`__.
Anonymous targets begin with ".. __:"; no reference name is required
or allowed::
.. __: http://www.python.org
As a convenient alternative, anonymous targets may begin with "__"
only::
__ http://www.python.org
The reference name of the reference is not used to match the reference
to its target. Instead, the order of anonymous hyperlink references
and targets within the document is significant: the first anonymous
reference will link to the first anonymous target. The number of
anonymous hyperlink references in a document must match the number of
anonymous targets. For readability, it is recommended that targets be
kept close to references. Take care when editing text containing
anonymous references; adding, removing, and rearranging references
require attention to the order of corresponding targets.
Directives
``````````
Doctree elements: depend on the directive.
Directives are an extension mechanism for reStructuredText, a way of
adding support for new constructs without adding new primary syntax
(directives may support additional syntax locally). All standard
directives (those implemented and registered in the reference
reStructuredText parser) are described in the `reStructuredText
Directives`_ document, and are always available. Any other directives
are domain-specific, and may require special action to make them
available when processing the document.
For example, here's how an image_ may be placed::
.. image:: mylogo.jpeg
A figure_ (a graphic with a caption) may placed like this::
.. figure:: larch.png
The larch.
An admonition_ (note, caution, etc.) contains other body elements::
.. note:: This is a paragraph
- Here is a bullet list.
Directives are indicated by an explicit markup start (".. ") followed
by the directive type, two colons, and whitespace (together called the
"directive marker"). Directive types are case-insensitive single
words (alphanumerics plus isolated internal hyphens, underscores,
plus signs, colons, and periods; no whitespace). Two colons are used
after the directive type for these reasons:
- Two colons are distinctive, and unlikely to be used in common text.
- Two colons avoids clashes with common comment text like::
.. Danger: modify at your own risk!
- If an implementation of reStructuredText does not recognize a
directive (i.e., the directive-handler is not installed), a level-3
(error) system message is generated, and the entire directive block
(including the directive itself) will be included as a literal
block. Thus "::" is a natural choice.
The directive block is consists of any text on the first line of the
directive after the directive marker, and any subsequent indented
text. The interpretation of the directive block is up to the
directive code. There are three logical parts to the directive block:
1. Directive arguments.
2. Directive options.
3. Directive content.
Individual directives can employ any combination of these parts.
Directive arguments can be filesystem paths, URLs, title text, etc.
Directive options are indicated using `field lists`_; the field names
and contents are directive-specific. Arguments and options must form
a contiguous block beginning on the first or second line of the
directive; a blank line indicates the beginning of the directive
content block. If either arguments and/or options are employed by the
directive, a blank line must separate them from the directive content.
The "figure" directive employs all three parts::
.. figure:: larch.png
:scale: 50
The larch.
Simple directives may not require any content. If a directive that
does not employ a content block is followed by indented text anyway,
it is an error. If a block quote should immediately follow a
directive, use an empty comment in-between (see Comments_ below).
Actions taken in response to directives and the interpretation of text
in the directive content block or subsequent text block(s) are
directive-dependent. See `reStructuredText Directives`_ for details.
Directives are meant for the arbitrary processing of their contents,
which can be transformed into something possibly unrelated to the
original text. It may also be possible for directives to be used as
pragmas, to modify the behavior of the parser, such as to experiment
with alternate syntax. There is no parser support for this
functionality at present; if a reasonable need for pragma directives
is found, they may be supported.
Directives do not generate "directive" elements; they are a *parser
construct* only, and have no intrinsic meaning outside of
reStructuredText. Instead, the parser will transform recognized
directives into (possibly specialized) document elements. Unknown
directives will trigger level-3 (error) system messages.
Syntax diagram::
+-------+-------------------------------+
| ".. " | directive type "::" directive |
+-------+ block |
| |
+-------------------------------+
Substitution Definitions
````````````````````````
Doctree element: substitution_definition.
Substitution definitions are indicated by an explicit markup start
(".. ") followed by a vertical bar, the substitution text, another
vertical bar, whitespace, and the definition block. Substitution text
may not begin or end with whitespace. A substitution definition block
contains an embedded inline-compatible directive (without the leading
".. "), such as "image_" or "replace_". For example::
The |biohazard| symbol must be used on containers used to
dispose of medical waste.
.. |biohazard| image:: biohazard.png
It is an error for a substitution definition block to directly or
indirectly contain a circular substitution reference.
`Substitution references`_ are replaced in-line by the processed
contents of the corresponding definition (linked by matching
substitution text). Matches are case-sensitive but forgiving; if no
exact match is found, a case-insensitive comparison is attempted.
Substitution definitions allow the power and flexibility of
block-level directives_ to be shared by inline text. They are a way
to include arbitrarily complex inline structures within text, while
keeping the details out of the flow of text. They are the equivalent
of SGML/XML's named entities or programming language macros.
Without the substitution mechanism, every time someone wants an
application-specific new inline structure, they would have to petition
for a syntax change. In combination with existing directive syntax,
any inline structure can be coded without new syntax (except possibly
a new directive).
Syntax diagram::
+-------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ".. " | "|" substitution text "| " directive type "::" data |
+-------+ directive block |
| |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
Following are some use cases for the substitution mechanism. Please
note that most of the embedded directives shown are examples only and
have not been implemented.
Objects
Substitution references may be used to associate ambiguous text
with a unique object identifier.
For example, many sites may wish to implement an inline "user"
directive::
|Michael| and |Jon| are our widget-wranglers.
.. |Michael| user:: mjones
.. |Jon| user:: jhl
Depending on the needs of the site, this may be used to index the
document for later searching, to hyperlink the inline text in
various ways (mailto, homepage, mouseover Javascript with profile
and contact information, etc.), or to customize presentation of
the text (include username in the inline text, include an icon
image with a link next to the text, make the text bold or a
different color, etc.).
The same approach can be used in documents which frequently refer
to a particular type of objects with unique identifiers but
ambiguous common names. Movies, albums, books, photos, court
cases, and laws are possible. For example::
|The Transparent Society| offers a fascinating alternate view
on privacy issues.
.. |The Transparent Society| book:: isbn=0738201448
Classes or functions, in contexts where the module or class names
are unclear and/or interpreted text cannot be used, are another
possibility::
4XSLT has the convenience method |runString|, so you don't
have to mess with DOM objects if all you want is the
transformed output.
.. |runString| function:: module=xml.xslt class=Processor
Images
Images are a common use for substitution references::
West led the |H| 3, covered by dummy's |H| Q, East's |H| K,
and trumped in hand with the |S| 2.
.. |H| image:: /images/heart.png
:height: 11
:width: 11
.. |S| image:: /images/spade.png
:height: 11
:width: 11
* |Red light| means stop.
* |Green light| means go.
* |Yellow light| means go really fast.
.. |Red light| image:: red_light.png
.. |Green light| image:: green_light.png
.. |Yellow light| image:: yellow_light.png
|-><-| is the official symbol of POEE_.
.. |-><-| image:: discord.png
.. _POEE: http://www.poee.org/
The "image_" directive has been implemented.
Styles [#]_
Substitution references may be used to associate inline text with
an externally defined presentation style::
Even |the text in Texas| is big.
.. |the text in Texas| style:: big
The style name may be meaningful in the context of some particular
output format (CSS class name for HTML output, LaTeX style name
for LaTeX, etc), or may be ignored for other output formats (such
as plaintext).
.. @@@ This needs to be rethought & rewritten or removed:
Interpreted text is unsuitable for this purpose because the set
of style names cannot be predefined - it is the domain of the
content author, not the author of the parser and output
formatter - and there is no way to associate a style name
argument with an interpreted text style role. Also, it may be
desirable to use the same mechanism for styling blocks::
.. style:: motto
At Bob's Underwear Shop, we'll do anything to get in
your pants.
.. style:: disclaimer
All rights reversed. Reprint what you like.
.. [#] There may be sufficient need for a "style" mechanism to
warrant simpler syntax such as an extension to the interpreted
text role syntax. The substitution mechanism is cumbersome for
simple text styling.
Templates
Inline markup may be used for later processing by a template
engine. For example, a Zope_ author might write::
Welcome back, |name|!
.. |name| tal:: replace user/getUserName
After processing, this ZPT output would result::
Welcome back,
name!
Zope would then transform this to something like "Welcome back,
David!" during a session with an actual user.
Replacement text
The substitution mechanism may be used for simple macro
substitution. This may be appropriate when the replacement text
is repeated many times throughout one or more documents,
especially if it may need to change later. A short example is
unavoidably contrived::
|RST|_ is a little annoying to type over and over, especially
when writing about |RST| itself, and spelling out the
bicapitalized word |RST| every time isn't really necessary for
|RST| source readability.
.. |RST| replace:: reStructuredText
.. _RST: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
Note the trailing underscore in the first use of a substitution
reference. This indicates a reference to the corresponding
hyperlink target.
Substitution is also appropriate when the replacement text cannot
be represented using other inline constructs, or is obtrusively
long::
But still, that's nothing compared to a name like
|j2ee-cas|__.
.. |j2ee-cas| replace::
the Java `TM`:super: 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition Client
Access Services
__ http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/earlyAccess/
j2eecas/
The "replace_" directive has been implemented.
Comments
````````
Doctree element: comment.
Arbitrary indented text may follow the explicit markup start and will
be processed as a comment element. No further processing is done on
the comment block text; a comment contains a single "text blob".
Depending on the output formatter, comments may be removed from the
processed output. The only restriction on comments is that they not
use the same syntax as any of the other explicit markup constructs:
substitution definitions, directives, footnotes, citations, or
hyperlink targets. To ensure that none of the other explicit markup
constructs is recognized, leave the ".." on a line by itself::
.. This is a comment
..
_so: is this!
..
[and] this!
..
this:: too!
..
|even| this:: !
.. _empty comments:
An explicit markup start followed by a blank line and nothing else
(apart from whitespace) is an "_`empty comment`". It serves to
terminate a preceding construct, and does **not** consume any indented
text following. To have a block quote follow a list or any indented
construct, insert an unindented empty comment in-between.
Syntax diagram::
+-------+----------------------+
| ".. " | comment |
+-------+ block |
| |
+----------------------+
Implicit Hyperlink Targets
==========================
Implicit hyperlink targets are generated by section titles, footnotes,
and citations, and may also be generated by extension constructs.
Implicit hyperlink targets otherwise behave identically to explicit
`hyperlink targets`_.
Problems of ambiguity due to conflicting duplicate implicit and
explicit reference names are avoided by following this procedure:
1. `Explicit hyperlink targets`_ override any implicit targets having
the same reference name. The implicit hyperlink targets are
removed, and level-1 (info) system messages are inserted.
2. Duplicate implicit hyperlink targets are removed, and level-1
(info) system messages inserted. For example, if two or more
sections have the same title (such as "Introduction" subsections of
a rigidly-structured document), there will be duplicate implicit
hyperlink targets.
3. Duplicate explicit hyperlink targets are removed, and level-2
(warning) system messages are inserted. Exception: duplicate
`external hyperlink targets`_ (identical hyperlink names and
referenced URIs) do not conflict, and are not removed.
System messages are inserted where target links have been removed.
See "Error Handling" in `PEP 258`_.
The parser must return a set of *unique* hyperlink targets. The
calling software (such as the Docutils_) can warn of unresolvable
links, giving reasons for the messages.
Inline Markup
=============
In reStructuredText, inline markup applies to words or phrases within
a text block. The same whitespace and punctuation that serves to
delimit words in written text is used to delimit the inline markup
syntax constructs (see the `inline markup recognition rules`_ for
details). The text within inline markup may not begin or end with
whitespace. Arbitrary `character-level inline markup`_ is supported
although not encouraged. Inline markup cannot be nested.
There are nine inline markup constructs. Five of the constructs use
identical start-strings and end-strings to indicate the markup:
- emphasis_: "*"
- `strong emphasis`_: "**"
- `interpreted text`_: "`"
- `inline literals`_: "``"
- `substitution references`_: "|"
Three constructs use different start-strings and end-strings:
- `inline internal targets`_: "_`" and "`"
- `footnote references`_: "[" and "]_"
- `hyperlink references`_: "`" and "\`_" (phrases), or just a
trailing "_" (single words)
`Standalone hyperlinks`_ are recognized implicitly, and use no extra
markup.
Inline markup recognition rules
-------------------------------
Inline markup start-strings and end-strings are only recognized if all of
the following conditions are met:
1. Inline markup start-strings must start a text block or be
immediately preceded by
* whitespace,
* one of the ASCII characters ``- : / ' " < ( [ {``, or
* a punctuation character with `Unicode category`_
`Pd` (Dash),
`Po` (Other),
`Pi` (Initial quote),
`Pf` (Final quote), or
`Ps` (Open).
2. Inline markup start-strings must be immediately followed by
non-whitespace.
3. Inline markup end-strings must be immediately preceded by
non-whitespace.
4. Inline markup end-strings must end a text block or be immediately
followed by
* whitespace,
* one of the ASCII characters ``- . , : ; ! ? \ / ' " ) ] } >``, or
* a punctuation character with `Unicode category`_
`Pd` (Dash),
`Po` (Other),
`Pi` (Initial quote),
`Pf` (Final quote), or
`Pe` (Close).
5. If an inline markup start-string is immediately preceded by one of the
ASCII characters ``' " < ( [ {`` or a character with Unicode character
category `Ps`, `Pi`, or `Pf`, it must not be followed by the
corresponding closing character from ``' " ) ] } >`` or the categories
`Pe`, `Pf`, or `Pi`.
(For quotes, corresponding characters can be
any of the `quotation marks in international usage`_.)
6. An inline markup end-string must be separated by at least one
character from the start-string.
7. An unescaped backslash preceding a start-string or end-string will
disable markup recognition, except for the end-string of `inline
literals`_. See `Escaping Mechanism`_ above for details.
.. _Unicode category:
http://www.unicode.org/Public/5.1.0/ucd/UCD.html#General_Category_Values
.. _quotation marks in international usage:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation_mark,_non-English_usage
The inline markup recognition rules were devised to allow 90% of non-markup
uses of "*", "`", "_", and "|" without escaping. For example, none of the
following terms are recognized as containing inline markup strings:
- 2*x a**b O(N**2) e**(x*y) f(x)*f(y) a|b file*.* (breaks 1)
- 2 * x a ** b (* BOM32_* ` `` _ __ | (breaks 2)
- "*" '|' (*) [*] {*} <*>
‘*’ ‚*‘ ‘*‚ ’*’ ‚*’
“*” „*“ “*„ ”*” „*”
»*« ›*‹ «*» »*» ›*› (breaks 5)
- || (breaks 6)
- __init__ __init__()
No escaping is required inside the following inline markup examples:
- *2 * x *a **b *.txt* (breaks 3)
- *2*x a**b O(N**2) e**(x*y) f(x)*f(y) a*(1+2)* (breaks 4)
It may be desirable to use `inline literals`_ for some of these anyhow,
especially if they represent code snippets. It's a judgment call.
These cases *do* require either literal-quoting or escaping to avoid
misinterpretation:
\*4, class\_, \*args, \**kwargs, \`TeX-quoted', \*ML, \*.txt
In most use cases, `inline literals`_ or `literal blocks`_ are the best
choice (by default, this also selects a monospaced font)::
*4, class_, *args, **kwargs, `TeX-quoted', *ML, *.txt
Recognition order
-----------------
Inline markup delimiter characters are used for multiple constructs,
so to avoid ambiguity there must be a specific recognition order for
each character. The inline markup recognition order is as follows:
- Asterisks: `Strong emphasis`_ ("**") is recognized before emphasis_
("*").
- Backquotes: `Inline literals`_ ("``"), `inline internal targets`_
(leading "_`", trailing "`"), are mutually independent, and are
recognized before phrase `hyperlink references`_ (leading "`",
trailing "\`_") and `interpreted text`_ ("`").
- Trailing underscores: Footnote references ("[" + label + "]_") and
simple `hyperlink references`_ (name + trailing "_") are mutually
independent.
- Vertical bars: `Substitution references`_ ("|") are independently
recognized.
- `Standalone hyperlinks`_ are the last to be recognized.
Character-Level Inline Markup
-----------------------------
It is possible to mark up individual characters within a word with
backslash escapes (see `Escaping Mechanism`_ above). Backslash
escapes can be used to allow arbitrary text to immediately follow
inline markup::
Python ``list``\s use square bracket syntax.
The backslash will disappear from the processed document. The word
"list" will appear as inline literal text, and the letter "s" will
immediately follow it as normal text, with no space in-between.
Arbitrary text may immediately precede inline markup using
backslash-escaped whitespace::
Possible in *re*\ ``Structured``\ *Text*, though not encouraged.
The backslashes and spaces separating "re", "Structured", and "Text"
above will disappear from the processed document.
.. CAUTION::
The use of backslash-escapes for character-level inline markup is
not encouraged. Such use is ugly and detrimental to the
unprocessed document's readability. Please use this feature
sparingly and only where absolutely necessary.
Emphasis
--------
Doctree element: emphasis.
Start-string = end-string = "*".
Text enclosed by single asterisk characters is emphasized::
This is *emphasized text*.
Emphasized text is typically displayed in italics.
Strong Emphasis
---------------
Doctree element: strong.
Start-string = end-string = "**".
Text enclosed by double-asterisks is emphasized strongly::
This is **strong text**.
Strongly emphasized text is typically displayed in boldface.
Interpreted Text
----------------
Doctree element: depends on the explicit or implicit role and
processing.
Start-string = end-string = "`".
Interpreted text is text that is meant to be related, indexed, linked,
summarized, or otherwise processed, but the text itself is typically
left alone. Interpreted text is enclosed by single backquote
characters::
This is `interpreted text`.
The "role" of the interpreted text determines how the text is
interpreted. The role may be inferred implicitly (as above; the
"default role" is used) or indicated explicitly, using a role marker.
A role marker consists of a colon, the role name, and another colon.
A role name is a single word consisting of alphanumerics plus isolated
internal hyphens, underscores, plus signs, colons, and periods;
no whitespace or other characters are allowed. A role marker is
either a prefix or a suffix to the interpreted text, whichever reads
better; it's up to the author::
:role:`interpreted text`
`interpreted text`:role:
Interpreted text allows extensions to the available inline descriptive
markup constructs. To emphasis_, `strong emphasis`_, `inline
literals`_, and `hyperlink references`_, we can add "title reference",
"index entry", "acronym", "class", "red", "blinking" or anything else
we want. Only pre-determined roles are recognized; unknown roles will
generate errors. A core set of standard roles is implemented in the
reference parser; see `reStructuredText Interpreted Text Roles`_ for
individual descriptions. The role_ directive can be used to define
custom interpreted text roles. In addition, applications may support
specialized roles.
Inline Literals
---------------
Doctree element: literal.
Start-string = end-string = "``".
Text enclosed by double-backquotes is treated as inline literals::
This text is an example of ``inline literals``.
Inline literals may contain any characters except two adjacent
backquotes in an end-string context (according to the recognition
rules above). No markup interpretation (including backslash-escape
interpretation) is done within inline literals.
Line breaks are *not* preserved in inline literals. Although a
reStructuredText parser will preserve runs of spaces in its output,
the final representation of the processed document is dependent on the
output formatter, thus the preservation of whitespace cannot be
guaranteed. If the preservation of line breaks and/or other
whitespace is important, `literal blocks`_ should be used.
Inline literals are useful for short code snippets. For example::
The regular expression ``[+-]?(\d+(\.\d*)?|\.\d+)`` matches
floating-point numbers (without exponents).
Hyperlink References
--------------------
Doctree element: reference.
- Named hyperlink references:
- Start-string = "" (empty string), end-string = "_".
- Start-string = "`", end-string = "\`_". (Phrase references.)
- Anonymous hyperlink references:
- Start-string = "" (empty string), end-string = "__".
- Start-string = "`", end-string = "\`__". (Phrase references.)
Hyperlink references are indicated by a trailing underscore, "_",
except for `standalone hyperlinks`_ which are recognized
independently. The underscore can be thought of as a right-pointing
arrow. The trailing underscores point away from hyperlink references,
and the leading underscores point toward `hyperlink targets`_.
Hyperlinks consist of two parts. In the text body, there is a source
link, a reference name with a trailing underscore (or two underscores
for `anonymous hyperlinks`_)::
See the Python_ home page for info.
A target link with a matching reference name must exist somewhere else
in the document. See `Hyperlink Targets`_ for a full description).
`Anonymous hyperlinks`_ (which see) do not use reference names to
match references to targets, but otherwise behave similarly to named
hyperlinks.
Embedded URIs and Aliases
`````````````````````````
A hyperlink reference may directly embed a target URI or (since
Docutils 0.11) a hyperlink reference within angle brackets ("<...>")
as follows::
See the `Python home page `_ for info.
This `link `_ is an alias to the link above.
This is exactly equivalent to::
See the `Python home page`_ for info.
This link_ is an alias to the link above.
.. _Python home page: http://www.python.org
.. _link: `Python home page`_
The bracketed URI must be preceded by whitespace and be the last text
before the end string.
With a single trailing underscore, the reference is named and the same
target URI may be referred to again.
With two trailing underscores, the reference and target are both
anonymous, and the target cannot be referred to again. These are
"one-off" hyperlinks. For example::
`RFC 2396 `__ and `RFC
2732 `__ together
define the syntax of URIs.
Equivalent to::
`RFC 2396`__ and `RFC 2732`__ together define the syntax of URIs.
__ http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt
__ http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2732.txt
`Standalone hyperlinks`_ are treated as URIs, even if they end with an
underscore like in the example of a Python function documentation::
`__init__ `__
If a target URI that is not recognized as `standalone hyperlink`_ happens
to end with an underscore, this needs to be backslash-escaped to avoid
being parsed as hyperlink reference. For example ::
Use the `source `__.
creates an anonymous reference to the file ``parrots.txt_``.
If the reference text happens to end with angle-bracketed text that is
*not* a URI or hyperlink reference, at least one angle-bracket needs to
be backslash-escaped or an escaped space should follow. For example, here
are three references to titles describing a tag::
See `HTML Element: \`_, `HTML Element: `_, and
`HTML Element: \ `_.
The reference text may also be omitted, in which case the URI will be
duplicated for use as the reference text. This is useful for relative
URIs where the address or file name is also the desired reference
text::
See ``_ or ``__
for details.
.. CAUTION::
This construct offers easy authoring and maintenance of hyperlinks
at the expense of general readability. Inline URIs, especially
long ones, inevitably interrupt the natural flow of text. For
documents meant to be read in source form, the use of independent
block-level `hyperlink targets`_ is **strongly recommended**. The
embedded URI construct is most suited to documents intended *only*
to be read in processed form.
Inline Internal Targets
------------------------
Doctree element: target.
Start-string = "_`", end-string = "`".
Inline internal targets are the equivalent of explicit `internal
hyperlink targets`_, but may appear within running text. The syntax
begins with an underscore and a backquote, is followed by a hyperlink
name or phrase, and ends with a backquote. Inline internal targets
may not be anonymous.
For example, the following paragraph contains a hyperlink target named
"Norwegian Blue"::
Oh yes, the _`Norwegian Blue`. What's, um, what's wrong with it?
See `Implicit Hyperlink Targets`_ for the resolution of duplicate
reference names.
Footnote References
-------------------
See also: Footnotes_
Doctree element: footnote_reference_.
Configuration settings:
`footnote_references `_,
trim_footnote_reference_space_.
.. _footnote_reference: ../doctree.html#footnote-reference
.. _trim_footnote_reference_space:
../../user/config.html#trim-footnote-reference-space
Start-string = "[", end-string = "]_".
Each footnote reference consists of a square-bracketed label followed
by a trailing underscore. Footnote labels are one of:
- one or more digits (i.e., a number),
- a single "#" (denoting `auto-numbered footnotes`_),
- a "#" followed by a simple reference name (an `autonumber label`_),
or
- a single "*" (denoting `auto-symbol footnotes`_).
For example::
Please RTFM [1]_.
.. [1] Read The Fine Manual
`Inline markup recognition rules`_ may require whitespace in front of the
footnote reference. To remove the whitespace from the output, use an
escaped whitespace character (see `Escaping Mechanism`_) or set the
trim_footnote_reference_space_ configuration setting. Leading whitespace
is removed by default, if the `footnote_references setting`_ is
"superscript".
Citation References
-------------------
See also: Citations_
Doctree element: citation_reference_.
.. _citation_reference: ../doctree.html#citation_reference
Start-string = "[", end-string = "]_".
Each citation reference consists of a square-bracketed label followed
by a trailing underscore. Citation labels are simple `reference
names`_ (case-insensitive single words, consisting of alphanumerics
plus internal hyphens, underscores, and periods; no whitespace).
For example::
Here is a citation reference: [CIT2002]_.
Substitution References
-----------------------
Doctree element: substitution_reference, reference.
Start-string = "|", end-string = "|" (optionally followed by "_" or
"__").
Vertical bars are used to bracket the substitution reference text. A
substitution reference may also be a hyperlink reference by appending
a "_" (named) or "__" (anonymous) suffix; the substitution text is
used for the reference text in the named case.
The processing system replaces substitution references with the
processed contents of the corresponding `substitution definitions`_
(which see for the definition of "correspond"). Substitution
definitions produce inline-compatible elements.
Examples::
This is a simple |substitution reference|. It will be replaced by
the processing system.
This is a combination |substitution and hyperlink reference|_. In
addition to being replaced, the replacement text or element will
refer to the "substitution and hyperlink reference" target.
.. _standalone hyperlink:
Standalone Hyperlinks
---------------------
Doctree element: reference.
Start-string = end-string = "" (empty string).
A URI (absolute URI [#URI]_ or standalone email address) within a text
block is treated as a general external hyperlink with the URI itself
as the link's text. For example::
See http://www.python.org for info.
would be marked up in HTML as::
See http://www.python.org for
info.
Two forms of URI are recognized:
1. Absolute URIs. These consist of a scheme, a colon (":"), and a
scheme-specific part whose interpretation depends on the scheme.
The scheme is the name of the protocol, such as "http", "ftp",
"mailto", or "telnet". The scheme consists of an initial letter,
followed by letters, numbers, and/or "+", "-", ".". Recognition is
limited to known schemes, per the `Official IANA Registry of URI
Schemes`_ and the W3C's `Retired Index of WWW Addressing Schemes`_.
The scheme-specific part of the resource identifier may be either
hierarchical or opaque:
- Hierarchical identifiers begin with one or two slashes and may
use slashes to separate hierarchical components of the path.
Examples are web pages and FTP sites::
http://www.python.org
ftp://ftp.python.org/pub/python
- Opaque identifiers do not begin with slashes. Examples are
email addresses and newsgroups::
mailto:someone@somewhere.com
news:comp.lang.python
With queries, fragments, and %-escape sequences, URIs can become
quite complicated. A reStructuredText parser must be able to
recognize any absolute URI, as defined in RFC2396_ and RFC2732_.
2. Standalone email addresses, which are treated as if they were
absolute URIs with a "mailto:" scheme. Example::
someone@somewhere.com
Punctuation at the end of a URI is not considered part of the URI,
unless the URI is terminated by a closing angle bracket (">").
Backslashes may be used in URIs to escape markup characters,
specifically asterisks ("*") and underscores ("_") which are vaid URI
characters (see `Escaping Mechanism`_ above).
.. [#URI] Uniform Resource Identifier. URIs are a general form of
URLs (Uniform Resource Locators). For the syntax of URIs see
RFC2396_ and RFC2732_.
Units
=====
(New in Docutils 0.3.10.)
All measures consist of a positive floating point number in standard
(non-scientific) notation and a unit, possibly separated by one or
more spaces.
Units are only supported where explicitly mentioned in the reference
manuals.
Length Units
------------
The following length units are supported by the reStructuredText
parser:
* em (ems, the height of the element's font)
* ex (x-height, the height of the letter "x")
* px (pixels, relative to the canvas resolution)
* in (inches; 1in=2.54cm)
* cm (centimeters; 1cm=10mm)
* mm (millimeters)
* pt (points; 1pt=1/72in)
* pc (picas; 1pc=12pt)
This set corresponds to the `length units in CSS`_.
(List and explanations taken from
http://www.htmlhelp.com/reference/css/units.html#length.)
The following are all valid length values: "1.5em", "20 mm", ".5in".
Length values without unit are completed with a writer-dependent
default (e.g. px with `html4css1`, pt with `latex2e`). See the writer
specific documentation in the `user doc`__ for details.
.. _length units in CSS:
http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/syndata.html#length-units
__ ../../user/
Percentage Units
----------------
Percentage values have a percent sign ("%") as unit. Percentage
values are relative to other values, depending on the context in which
they occur.
----------------
Error Handling
----------------
Doctree element: system_message, problematic.
Markup errors are handled according to the specification in `PEP
258`_.
.. _reStructuredText: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
.. _Docutils: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/
.. _The Docutils Document Tree: ../doctree.html
.. _Docutils Generic DTD: ../docutils.dtd
.. _transforms:
http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docutils/transforms/
.. _Grouch: http://www.mems-exchange.org/software/grouch/
.. _RFC822: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc822.txt
.. _DocTitle transform:
.. _DocInfo transform:
http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docutils/transforms/frontmatter.py
.. _getopt.py:
http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-getopt.html
.. _GNU libc getopt_long():
http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Getopt-Long-Options.html
.. _doctest module:
http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-doctest.html
.. _Emacs table mode: http://table.sourceforge.net/
.. _Official IANA Registry of URI Schemes:
http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes
.. _Retired Index of WWW Addressing Schemes:
http://www.w3.org/Addressing/schemes.html
.. _World Wide Web Consortium: http://www.w3.org/
.. _HTML Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines:
http://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG10-HTML-TECHS/#link-text
.. _image: directives.html#image
.. _replace: directives.html#replace
.. _meta: directives.html#meta
.. _figure: directives.html#figure
.. _admonition: directives.html#admonitions
.. _role: directives.html#custom-interpreted-text-roles
.. _reStructuredText Directives: directives.html
.. _reStructuredText Interpreted Text Roles: roles.html
.. _RFC2396: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt
.. _RFC2732: http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2732.txt
.. _Zope: http://www.zope.com/
.. _PEP 258: ../../peps/pep-0258.html
..
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